Security Review

On 22 December 2017, a special operation was organized against a small armed group at an apartment located on Gabriel Salosi Street. Following a clash lasting several hours, the Georgian Special Forces killed the leader of this armed group, IS field commander, Ahmed Chataev, and his two companions, Ibrahim Adashev and Aslanbeg Soltahmadov. The fourth member of the group, Shoaip Borziev, was arrested before the beginning of the skirmish.  A month later, on 26 December, the Counter Terrorism Department apprehended four alleged members of Mr. Chataev’s group with a fifth heavily injured and later succumbing to his injuries from the force used by the Georgian Special Forces.   Later, owing to an alleged association with this group, two individuals were arrested in Georgia and one in Turkey.

As noted above, the individual who was wounded and died during the special operation was a resident of the Pankisi Gorge, Tamerlan Machalikashvili. According to the version of the information given by the authorities, Mr. Machalikashvili was collaborating with Ahmed Chataev’s group and was holding a hand grenade during the attempt to arrest him which caused the use of force.  However, Mr. Machalikashvili’s family, his lawsuits and a group of NGOs all express skepticism towards the official version.  The ombudsman also raises the question of a potential misuse of force by Georgian law enforcement.6 The death of Tamerlan Machalikashvili has led to strong grievances and protests in the Pankisi Gorge.

The  incident  with  Ahmed  Chataev’s  group  and  its  further  developments  have revealed several problematic issues in Georgia’s national security. Namely:

1.  Problem of Border Defense

The clash with Ahmed Chataev’s group has demonstrated severe gaps in the defense of the country’s borders. According to the State Security Service of Georgia, Mr. Chataev’s accomplices  facilitated  his  transportation  to  Georgia’s  border  and  then  assisted  him  in illegally entering the country through the Kirnati-Maradidu section of the Georgian-Turkish border. The official version suggests that the mountainous and forested sections of Georgian borders are poorly controlled. The loopholes in border defense create a fertile environment for a variety of illicit activities. Aside from militant groups, smugglers, human traffickers, drug cartels and foreign intelligence also could benefit from these routes. It is known, that Turkish-Georgian border has better infrastructure compared to the borders between Georgia and its other neighbors, which increases the risk of illegal penetration. Moreover, the demarcation of state borders between Georgia and its neighboring countries, except Turkey, is still problematic.

2.  Available Weapons and Explosives

The  skirmish  on  Gabriel  Salosi  Street  has  shown  that  Ahmed  Chataev’s  group possessed enough weapons and explosives for a long-standing resistance against the Georgian Special Forces. The information obtained by the media lists more than 1,000 bullets and tens of optical devicesconfiscated during the special operation. In addition, military radios, backpacks, binoculars and bullets were found in a hiding place near Tbilisi.9 According to the State Security Service, Mr. Chataev blew himself up during the clash which shows that the group also possessed explosives. This all suggests that these persons, who illegally entered Georgia, were able to obtain a large amount of weapons. Georgian security services did not reveal information on the origin of these weapons. Theoretically, the weapons could have been  obtained  abroad  or  from  the  occupied  territories.  Illegal  weapons  on  Georgia’s controlled territories could be available for extremist organizations  as well as organized crime groups.

3.  Operational Failure
According to official information, members of Ahmed Chataev’s group have been residing in Georgia for extended periods of time. They were also out in public places in Tbilisi despite Shoaip Borziev’s being on Interpol’s wanted list. Furthermore, some of the group  members  visited  the  Pankisi  Gorge  and  communicated  with  numerous  local residents.12  After entering Georgia, Ahmed Chataev resided in a safe apartment for a period of  several  months   which  already  had  been  the  subject  of  counter terrorism  measures. Therefore, the apartment’s landlord must have been under increased control from Georgian security  services.  The events  show that  Georgian law  enforcement did not  manage to identify the group beforehand and prevent an incident. Notably, IS militants managed to enter Georgia whereas residents of the North Caucasus or the Pankisi Gorge undergo additional security measures every time they cross the Georgian border.   Additionally, Georgian security services did not manage to identify the real name of Shoaip Borziev during
his arrest.

4.  Special Operation
Due to the lack of information, it is difficult to speak about the strengths and weaknesses of the Georgian Special Forces. According to official information, prolonged negotiations with the group were followed by a special operation which lasted nearly 20 hours.15  One member of the Special Forces died during the clash. Published footage shows that heavy machinery was also utilized during the operation along with the Special Forces.

The positive sides of the operation could be considered as the lack of casualties or hostages among  civilians and  the  detention  of  one of the  group members.  However, the  special operation  raises  several questions.  How  effective  were  the  negotiations  with  the  armed group? Was the death of the law enforcement officer avoidable? Did the group attempt to use a human shield and take hostages? Did someone from Ahmed Chataev’s group manage to escape from the place of the operation as was reported in the media?17  Currently, additional information  on  the  incident  is  classified  which  makes  it  impossible  to  answer  these questions.

5.  Public Relations
Public relations were highly problematic during the incident. Authorities failed to establish efficient communication with the media; the poor functioning of the press offices of the law enforcement agencies was obvious while some high-ranking executives even blamed the media for their live broadcast of confidential  details of the special operation.18   The government also denied the existence of Ahmed Chataev among the armed group even though information about this fact was leaked via the media a few hours after the end of the clash. In such cases, an incorrect information campaign could cause panic among the public and complicate the situation even more.

6.  Transit of Militants from Syria to the North Caucasus
The incident with Ahmed Chataev’s group has raised the issue of the transit of North Caucasian  militants  from  Syria.  IS  has  already  lost  control  over  vast  territories  which increases the likelihood of the migration of foreign fighters back to their countries of origin. According to the official data, at least 2,700 militants from the North Caucasus have fought in Syria and Iraq.19   The majority of these individuals could attempt to travel legally or illegally back to their homelands through Georgia. The transit of foreign fighters  could potentially  damage  Georgia’s  international  reputation  and  also  trigger  Russia’s  more aggressive interference in Georgia’s domestic issues.

Conclusions
The skirmish on Gabriel Salosi Street demonstrated a series of problematic issues in Georgia’s state security. The situation requires taking measures in various spheres:

Recommendations

• Modernization of a border infrastructure and intensive cooperation with neighboring states.
• Controlling all possible routes of illegal weapons and explosives trafficking.
• Intensive sharing of information with partner states.
• Detailed analysis and examination of current trends in the North Caucasus.
• Intensive preparation for the Special Forces for clashes in densely populated districts and possible hostage-takings.
• Establishment of an efficient public relations strategy based on the experience of other states in order to avoid panic in society.
• Resort to force only in the case of an inevitable necessity. Russia and Uzbekistan’s counter terrorism practice shows the ineffectiveness of coercive and hardline counter terrorist policy which in the long run facilitates radicalization.

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